Editor

Marko Ristic

Editor, Packet Basics

Marko Ristic runs Packet Basics. He writes the reference library, applies the software rubric to every ranking, and checks every provider listing before it appears. Every page on this site carries his name and the date he last reviewed it, so there is one person to hold to account for what it says.

On Packet Basics

Pages written
233
Silos
Networking, Security, Storage, Systems, Virtualization, Hardware, Software, Directory
Writing since
September 2026
Last published
Sep 23, 2026
Report an error

Latest by Marko

233 pages, newest first
Concept · SystemsScale Up vs Scale Out, and Why Most Offices Should Scale Up

Most small estates scale up for years and then scale out once, and not for capacity. The move almost always follows an outage, which changes...

Sep 23, 2026 · 10 min read
Concept · SystemsServer Management, and the Routine Nobody Owns Until It Is Too Late

Nothing on the list is hard. The work fails because nobody owns the calendar, and the gap only becomes visible during an outage.

Sep 23, 2026 · 10 min read
Concept · SystemsConfiguration Management, and the Two Jobs That Share the Name

A CMDB and an automation tool are both sold as configuration management, and they solve opposite halves of the same problem. Buying one and...

Sep 23, 2026 · 9 min read
Concept · NetworkingSoftware Defined Networking, and Where a Business Actually Meets It

Almost no office deploys a controller and speaks OpenFlow to bare metal switches. The same idea arrives packaged as cloud managed networking...

Sep 23, 2026 · 9 min read
Concept · HardwareMemory vs Storage, and Which One to Upgrade on a Slow PC

A machine short of memory is slow all day and says nothing about why. A machine short of storage says so clearly. Task Manager tells the two...

Sep 23, 2026 · 8 min read
Concept · SystemsHow to Update Drivers in Windows 11 and 10, and When to Leave Them Alone

Most drivers should be left alone. The four routes a driver can reach a PC by, the one Microsoft calls best, and what to do when an update b...

Sep 23, 2026 · 10 min read
Concept · HardwareWhat a Motherboard Chipset Is, and What It Decides About Your PC

A chipset name is not a speed rating. It is the list of what a computer will still be able to do in three years, decided once, at the moment...

Sep 23, 2026 · 9 min read
Concept · HardwareWhat Is Firmware, and Which Firmware a Business Has to Keep Updated

Every firewall, switch, printer, drive and motherboard in the building runs firmware, and each one is its own update stream. Most offices pa...

Sep 23, 2026 · 10 min read
Concept · SystemsPowerShell vs Bash, and Why the Platform Decides for You

The comparison is usually framed as a preference. It is not. What flows through the pipeline is the real difference, and what you administer...

Sep 23, 2026 · 8 min read
Concept · StorageBtrfs vs ext4, and When Snapshots Are the Point

Btrfs is not a newer ext4. It buys snapshots, rollback and data checksums with extra moving parts, and one of those parts carries a warning...

Sep 23, 2026 · 9 min read
Concept · SecurityData Classification, and Why Every Label Needs a Rule

Most classification schemes fail the same way: the labels exist and nothing about how the data is handled changes. Keep the levels few and t...

Sep 23, 2026 · 10 min read
Concept · SecurityIAM vs PAM, and What PAM Looks Like Without a PAM Suite

PAM is not a rival to IAM but the strictest layer of it. A small company builds the directory first, then gets most of PAM from separate adm...

Sep 23, 2026 · 10 min read
Concept · SystemsCMD Commands Grouped by Job, With the Ones That Can Destroy Data

Thirty commands cover almost everything done in Command Prompt. The useful part is knowing which ones need an elevated prompt and which ones...

Sep 23, 2026 · 10 min read
Concept · SystemsHow to Stop Windows Update Without Leaving Your PCs Unpatched

Stopping Windows Update is easy and almost always the wrong goal. Pause it for a short window, and let deferral policies decide when a busin...

Sep 23, 2026 · 10 min read
Concept · StorageNFS vs SMB, and Why the Clients Decide

The choice between NFS and SMB is made by the clients, not by benchmarks. The difference that really matters is authentication: SMB checks t...

Sep 23, 2026 · 9 min read
Concept · NetworkingFull Duplex vs Half Duplex, and the Duplex Mismatch That Slows Real Networks

On a wired network the modes only matter when they disagree. A duplex mismatch passes every ping and crawls under load, and the counters on...

Sep 18, 2026 · 10 min read
Concept · StorageFAT32 vs NTFS, and Where exFAT Fits

Feature lists do not answer the real question, which is what to format this particular drive as. The answer follows the drive's job: stays w...

Sep 18, 2026 · 9 min read
Concept · SecurityDoS vs DDoS, and What a Small Business Can Actually Do About Either

The difference between one source and many decides where the defense lives. A single source attack is yours to block. A distributed flood fi...

Sep 18, 2026 · 10 min read
Concept · NetworkingProxy vs Reverse Proxy, and Which One Your Business Runs Into

The two use the same mechanism and serve opposite sides. A small business rarely runs a forward proxy anymore, but everything it publishes o...

Sep 18, 2026 · 10 min read
Concept · SystemsMSI vs EXE, for the Person Who Has to Deploy the Software

On one computer the two formats are interchangeable. On forty, the MSI installs with a command you already know and the EXE starts with dete...

Sep 18, 2026 · 10 min read